Given a temperature of 30 °F, pressure altitude of sea level, weight of 3,400 lb, and headwind of 5 kts, what type of performance change could be expected in ground roll?

In this scenario, the performance change in ground roll is expected to be longer. This conclusion can be derived from several factors affecting aircraft performance.

First, we note that the temperature is 30 °F, which is significantly below standard temperature at sea level (which is 59 °F). While lower temperatures can improve air density and engine performance, the critical aspect here is the pressure altitude, which is at sea level. With the temperature being lower than standard, it may have a slight positive effect on performance; however, this is counterbalanced by the weight of the aircraft.

The aircraft’s weight is given as 3,400 lb, which directly impacts the required takeoff distance. Heavier aircraft typically require longer distances to achieve takeoff velocity, which contributes to an increased ground roll. Although the headwind of 5 kts might usually reduce the ground roll due to increased airflow over the wings at lower speeds, the overriding factor in this case is the aircraft’s weight.

Therefore, given the combination of the heavier weight and pressure altitude along with the moderate headwind, the behavior expected is for the ground roll to be longer due to the need for additional distance to reach the necessary airspeed for lift-off. This reasoning aligns with the general